Investigations into one of the worst massacres in France's colonial history took a step forward on Thursday when researchers presented an official report to Senegalese President Bassirou Diomaye Faye.
The document aims to unravel events in 1944 when the French colonial army in Senegal massacred African troops who had fought alongside them in World War II.
Even though most of the perpetrators are now dead and France is no longer a colonial power in west Africa, the findings could still eventually lead to demands for reparations and justice.
The report's authors said the killings were "premeditated" and accused France of altering records to conceal the massacre.
‘Cover up’
"The French authorities did everything to cover (it) up," the white paper said, adding that official French records documented 70 killed but that the most credible estimates suggested there were 300 to 400 victims.
Excavations have been under way since early May at the Thiaroye military camp to shed light on the massacre of African soldiers who had fought for France and protested against unpaid wages.
"This white paper is a decisive step in the rehabilitation of historical truth," Faye told a ceremony attended by Prime Minister Ousmane Sonko and members of his government.
He said the document was "based on tangible facts, drawn from archives here and in France".
Around 1,300 soldiers from several countries in West Africa were sent to the Thiaroye camp in November 1944, after being captured by Germany while fighting for France.
Discontent soon mounted over unpaid backpay and demands that they be treated on a par with white soldiers.
On December 1, French forces opened fire on the African soldiers.
Excavations
Even now, questions remain about the number of soldiers killed, their identities, and the location of their burial. French authorities at the time said 35 had been killed.
Excavations at a cemetery at the Thiaroye military camp, outside Dakar, began in May. Archaeologists unearthed human skeletons with bullets in their bodies.
The Senegalese government, which still accuses France of withholding archive documents that would shed light on the death toll, ordered the excavations as a way to "uncover the whole truth".
Detailed investigations
On Thursday, Faye said they would continue "at all sites likely to contain mass graves".
"Historical truth cannot be decreed. It is uncovered excavation by excavation, until the last stone is lifted," he said.
It was not until November 2024, 80 years after the atrocity, that France acknowledged the massacre had occurred.
The French corps of "Senegalese riflemen", created during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and disbanded in the 1960s, comprised soldiers from former French colonies in Africa, notably Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali and Burkina Faso.
The term "Senegalese rifleman" eventually came to refer to all African soldiers fighting under the French flag.
They took part in both world wars and the wars of decolonisation.
Faye has urged Paris to apologise for past colonial atrocities, including the massacre on December 1, 1944 of African troops who had fought for France in World War II.
With governments across Africa increasingly questioning France's military presence, Paris has closed bases or reduced the number of troops across its former colonies.
